Most peer reviewers receive research funds and other payments from the industry, according to new research published in The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). The peer review process has long been considered necessary to ensure the study is trustworthy and replicable.

The latest publication provides data on financial incentives for peer reviewers in the studies they evaluate. Tracy Beanz, in a recent editorial, highlights concerns about financial incentives influencing the scientific research process, further calling into question the impartiality of peer reviewers and the potential conflicts of interest.

Authors of research papers must disclose financial conflicts of interest, which is essential for transparency. Research papers published without peer reviews have faced long-standing criticism, especially those showing adverse outcomes from vaccines. According to the JAMA publication, nearly three-quarters (73.5%) of immunologists received payments from the companies and industries they are evaluating in the peer review process.

Fields such as cardiology, rheumatology, oncology, and addiction treatment also show similar patterns of peer reviewers receiving payments from the industries they assess. The report indicates that 72% of surgeons and 65% of psychologist peer-reviewers also accept industry payments. Overall, the average across all disciplines is 58.9%, with a total of $1.06 billion in payments from the industry to peer reviewers.

One common explanation for this trend is that individuals qualified to peer review scientific studies often work within the industry and receive compensation for their efforts. However, JAMA researchers found that 41.1% of peer reviewers had not received industry payments, raising questions about transparency and the need for stricter measures in the peer review system to address potential conflicts of interest. Additionally, many individuals involved in peer-reviewed studies do so without direct compensation, leading to concerns about how these industry relationships could influence review outcomes.

The funding breakdown reveals that $1 billion of the payments to peer reviewers was allocated to fund their own research studies, while $64 million was distributed for general payments, including speaker fees, lodging, and travel expenses.

Medical journals receive substantial funding and advertising dollars from pharmaceutical companies, with 50.6% of journal editors receiving payments directly from these companies. Pharmaceutical companies further compensate journals for reprinting studies, which accounts for 41% of The Lancet’s total income and 53% for the American Medical Association. These reprints are sent to doctors with the endorsement of the journals to promote medical products.

Medical journals also have an impact factor, which refers to the number of times the journal’s articles are cited in the work of other researchers. The Lancet has the highest impact rating of all medical journals.

Biologist and researcher Alex Washburne wrote on X, “Peer review is a pay-to-publish system advertising products under the now obliterated veil of legitimacy.”

Over two decades ago, the Yale School of Medicine reported on the corrupted system of industry-funded research. Their article references a JAMA review concluding that industry-funded research is 3.6 times more likely to yield favorable conclusions about the evaluated industry product.

Arnold Relman, the late former editor-in-chief of the New England Journal of Medicine, raised concerns about industry-funded studies in 2002, stating, “The academic institutions of this country are allowing themselves to be the paid agents of the pharmaceutical industry. I think it’s disgraceful.”

A 2008 review found that 36 out of 37 positive studies on antidepressants were published in medical journals, while only three out of 36 negative studies appeared during the same period. The disparity in publication rates suggests an imbalance in the literature regarding the safety and efficacy of antidepressants, despite the existence of similar numbers of studies on both sides of the issue.

The potential financial incentives for researchers to reach favorable conclusions about pharmaceutical products present another concern, as these may create conflicts of interest that are not always adequately disclosed by the medical journals publishing industry-funded research.

In a recent report, Science.org revealed that “vague, generic phrases” often appear from peer reviewers for scientific research. Examples of such vague statements include “In abstract, the author should add more scientific findings.” “Discuss the novelty and clear application of the work in the abstract as well as in introduction section.”

One reviewer repeated the same comments in 56 different reviews, contributing to a total of 263 questionable reviews across 37 journals. In some instances, peer reviewers requested that authors cite their own research papers, which the authors complied with. This behavior raises concerns about potential self-interest among researchers engaged in the peer review process and the incentive to produce a high volume of reviews.

During the pandemic, Dr. Anthony Fauci, the former director of NIAID and NIH, said that criticism directed at him was essentially criticism of science itself. Scientists and media professionals frequently used the phrase, “the science is settled,” referring to a “scientific consensus” as the basis for truth.

Scientific consensus is achieved through the reproduction of studies by other scientists and the peer review process. The BBC reported in 2017 that there is a “reproducibility crisis” because two-thirds of scientists are unable to reproduce a colleague’s experiment. Ritu Dhand, the editorial director for Nature, said, “Without efforts to reproduce the findings of others, we don’t know if the facts out there actually represent what’s happening in biology or not. Without knowing whether the published scientific literature is built on solid foundations or sand, he argues, we’re wasting both time and money.”

In April of 2023, Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson appeared on The HighWire where host Del Bigtree discussed various ‘top-ranking medical experts’ who had raised concerns about the safety profile and efficacy of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines released in 2021. Tyson contended that these professionals “don’t represent the medical consensus.”

Bigtree remarked, “The scientific method died here,” and referred to Dr. Peter McCullough as the “leading cardiologist.” Tyson countered, stating, “Titles don’t matter here.” Bigtree discussed the censorship faced by medical professionals who questioned vaccine safety, to which Tyson responded that the “individual doesn’t matter.”

In a follow-up segment, Bigtree noted that viewers of the viral interview with Tyson expressed concern over what he termed a “religious belief in consensus.” This notion of consensus relies on the integrity of the peer review process and the reproducibility of scientific studies. Ongoing concerns about the “reproducibility crisis” and a “pay-to-publish” peer review system continue to be raised, especially regarding undisclosed conflicts of interest.